The government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the
government of the State of Israel: Bearing in mind the Washington Declaration, signed by them
on 25 July 1994 and which they are both committed to honor;
Aiming at the achievement of a just, lasting and comprehensive
peace in the Middle East based on Security Council resolutions 242
and 338 in all their aspects; Bearing in mind the importance of maintaining and
strengthening peace based on freedom, equality, justice, and
respect for fundamental and human rights: thereby overcoming
psychological barriers and promoting human dignity; Reaffirming their faith in the Charter of the United Nations
and recognizing their right to live in peace with each other as
well as with all states, within secure and recognized
borders; Desiring to develop friendly relations and cooperation
between them in accordance with the principles of international law
governing international relations in times of peace; Desiring as well to ensure lasting security for both their
states and, in particular, to avoid threats and the use of force
between them;
Bearing in mind that in their Washington Declaration of 25 July
1994 they declared the termination of the state of belligerency
between them; Deciding to establish peace between them in accordance with
this treaty of peace;
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1 - Establishment of Peace
Peace is hereby established between the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
and the State of Israel (the parties) effective from the exchange
of the instruments of ratification of this treaty (henceforth -
ratification).
Article 2 - General Principles
The parties will apply between them the provisions of the Charter
of the United Nations and the principles of international law
governing relations between states in times of peace. In
particular:
a. They recognize and will respect each other's sovereignty,
territorial integrity, and political independence.
b. They recognize and will respect each other's right to live in
peace within secure and recognized boundaries.
c. They will develop good neighborly relations of cooperation
between them to ensure lasting security, will refrain from the
threat or use of force against each other, and will settle all
disputes between them by peaceful means.
d. They respect and recognize the sovereignty, territorial
integrity, and political independence of every state in the
region.
e. They respect and recognize the pivotal role of human development
and dignity in regional and bilateral relationships.
f. They further believe that within their control, involuntary
movements of persons in such a way as to adversely prejudice the
security of either party should not be permitted.
Article 3 - International Boundary
a. The international boundary between Israel and Jordan is
delimited with reference to the boundary definition under the
Mandate (on the attached maps).
b. The boundary as set out ... is the permanent, secure, and
recognized international boundary between Israel and Jordan,
without prejudice to the status of any territories that came under
Israeli military control in 1967.
c. The parties recognize the international boundary, including the
territorial waters and airspace, as inviolable, and will respect
and comply with them.
d. The demarcation of the boundary will take place as set forth ...
and will be concluded no less than nine months after the signing of
the treaty.
e. It is agreed that where the boundary follows a river, in the
event of natural changes in the course of the flow of the river ...
the boundary shall follow the new course of the flow. In the event
of any other changes, the boundary shall not be affected unless
otherwise agreed.
f. Immediately upon the ratification of this treaty, each party
will deploy on each side of the international boundary as defined
...
g. The parties shall, upon the signature of the treaty, enter into
the negotiations to conclude, within nine months, an agreement on
the delimitation of their maritime boundary in the Gulf of
Aqaba.
h. Taking into account the special circumstances of the
Bakuraj/Naharayim area, which is under Jordanian sovereignty, with
Israeli private ownership rights, the parties agreed to apply the
provisions (as set out).
1. With respect to the Tsofar area the provisions are (as set
out).
Article 4 - Security
1. a. Both parties, acknowledging their mutual understanding and
cooperation in security-related matters will form a significant
part of their relationships and will further enhance the security
of the region, take upon themselves to base their security
relations on mutual trust, advancement of joint interests and
cooperation, and to aim towards a regional framework of partnership
in peace.
b. Towards that goal, the parties recognize the achievements of the
European Community and European Union in the development of the
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) and commit
themselves to the creation, in the Middle East, of a CSCME
(Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Middle East).
This commitment entails the adoption of regional models of security
successfully implemented in the post World War era (along the lines
of the Helsinki process) culminating in a regional zone of security
and stability.
2. The obligations referred to in this article are without
prejudice to the inherent right of self-defense in accordance with
the United Nations Charter.
3. The parties undertake, in accordance with the provisions of this
article, the following:
a. To refrain from the threat or use of force or weapons,
conventional, non-conventional, or of any other kind, against each
other, or of other actions or activities that adversely affect the
security of the other party.
b. To refrain from organizing, instigating, inciting, assisting or
participating in acts or threats of belligerency, hostility,
subversion, or violence against the other party.
C. To take necessary and effective measures to ensure that acts or
threats of belligerency, hostility, subversion, or violence against
the other party do not originate from, and are not committed
within, their territory (hereinafter the term "territory" includes
the airspace and territorial waters), or through or over their
territory.
4. Consistent with the era of peace and with the efforts to build
regional security and to avoid and prevent aggression and violence,
the parties further agree to refrain from the following:
a. Joining or in any way assisting, promoting, or cooperating with
any coalition, organization, or alliance with a military or
security character with a third party, the objectives or activities
of which include launching aggression or other acts of military
hostility against the other party, in contravention of the
provisions of the present treaty.
b. Allowing the entry, stationing, and operating on their
territory, or through it, of military forces, personnel, or
materiel of a third party, in circumstances which may adversely
prejudice the security of the other party.
5. Both parties will take necessary and effective measures, and
will cooperate in combating terrorism of all kinds.
The parties undertake:
a. To take necessary and effective measures to prevent acts of
terrorism, subversion, or violence from being carried out from
their territory or through it, and to take necessary and effective
measures to combat such activities and all their
perpetrators.
b. Without prejudice to the basic rights of freedom of expression
and association, to take necessary and effective measures to
prevent the entry, presence, and operation in their territory of
any group or organization, and its infrastructure, which threatens
the security of the other party by the use of violent means.
c. To cooperate in preventing and combating cross-boundary
infiltrations.
6. Any questions as to the implementation of this article will be
dealt with by a mechanism of consultation which will include a
liaison system, verification, supervision, and where necessary,
other mechanisms, and higher level consultations. The details of
these mechanisms of consultation will be contained in an agreement
to be concluded by the parties within three months of the
ratification.
7. To work as a matter of priority and as soon as possible in the
context of the multilateral working groups on arms control and
regional security, and jointly, toward the following:
a. The creation in the Middle East of a region free from hostile
alliances and coalitions;
b. The creation of a Middle East free from weapons of mass
destruction, both conventional and non-conventional, in the context
of a comprehensive, lasting, and stable peace, characterized by the
renunciation of the use of force, reconciliation, and
goodwill.
Article 5 - Diplomatic and Other Bilateral Relations
1. The parties agree to establish full diplomatic and consular
relations and to exchange resident ambassadors within one month of
the exchange of the ratification.
2. The parties agree that the normal relationship between them will
further include economic and cultural relations.
Article 6 - Water
With the view to achieving a comprehensive and lasting settlement
of all the water problems between them:
1. The parties agree mutually to recognize the rightful allocations
of both of them in the Jordan River, Yarmuk River waters, and Arab
/ Arava ground waters in accordance with the agreed acceptable
principles, quantities, and quality as set out... which shall be
fully respected and complied with.
2. The parties, recognizing the necessity to find a practical,
just, and agreed solution to their water problems and with the view
that the subject of water can form the basis for the advancement of
cooperation between them, jointly undertake to ensure that the
management and development of their water resources do not, in any
way, harm the water resources of the other party.
3. The parties recognize that their water resources are not
sufficient to meet their need. More water should be supplied for
their use through various methods, including projects of regional
and international cooperation.
4. In light of Paragraph 2A, with the understanding that the
cooperation in water-related subjects would be to the benefit of
both parties, and will help alleviate their water shortages, and
that water issues along their entire boundary must be dealt with in
their totality, including the possibility of transboundary water
transfers, the parties agreed to search for ways to alleviate water
shortages and to cooperate in the following fields:
a. Development of existing and new water resources increasing the
water availability, including on a regional basis, as appropriate,
and minimizing wastage of water resources through the chain of
their uses;
b. Prevention of contamination of water resources;
c. Mutual assistance in the alleviation of water resources;
d. Transfer of information and joint research and development in
water-¬related subjects, and reviews of the potentials for
enhancement of water resources, development and use.
5. The implementation of both countries' undertakings under this
article is (as) detailed ...
Article 7 - Economic Relations
1. Viewing economic developments and prosperity as pillars of
peace, security, and harmonious relations between states, peoples
and individual human beings, the parties, taking note of
understandings reached between them, affirm their mutual desire to
promote economic cooperation between them, as well as within the
framework of wider regional economic cooperation.
2. In order to establish this goal, the parties agree to the
following:
a. To remove all discriminatory barriers to normal economic
relations, to terminate economic boycotts directed at each other,
and to cooperate in terminating boycotts against each other by
third parties;
b. Recognizing that the principle of free and unimpeded flow of
goods and services should guide their relations, the parties will
enter into negotiations with a view to concluding agreements on
economic cooperation, including trade and the establishment of a
free trade area, investment, banking, industrial cooperation and
labor, for the purpose of promoting beneficial economic relations,
based on principles to be agreed upon, as well as on human
development considerations on a regional basis. These negotiations
will be concluded no later than six months from the exchange of the
instruments of ratification of the treaty;
c. To cooperate bilaterally, as well as in multilateral forums,
toward the promotion of their respective economies and of their
neighborly economic relations with other regional parties.
Article 8 - Refugees and Displaced Persons
1. Recognizing the massive human problems caused by both parties by
the conflict in the Middle East, as well as the contribution made
by them towards the alleviation of human suffering, the parties
will seek to further alleviate those problems arising on a
bilateral level.
2. Recognizing that the above human problems caused by the conflict
in the Middle East cannot be fully resolved on the bilateral level,
the parties
will seek to resolve them in appropriate forums, in accordance with
international law, including the following:
a. In the case of displaced persons, in a quadripartite committee
together with Egypt and the Palestinians;
b. In the case of refugees,
(i) in the framework of the work of the Multilateral Group on
Refugees;
(ii) in negotiations, in a framework to be agreed, bilateral or
otherwise, in conjunction with and at the same time as the
permanent status negotiations referred to in Article 3 of this
Treaty.
3. Through the implementation of agreed United Nations programs and
other agreed international economic programs concerning refugees
and displaced persons, including assistance to their
settlement.
Article 9 - Places of Historical and Religious
Significance
1. Each party will provide freedom of access to places of religious
and historical significance.
2. In this regard, in accordance with the Washington Declaration,
Israel respects the present special role of the Hashemite Kingdom
of Jordan in Muslem holy shrines in Jerusalem. When negotiations on
the permanent settlement will take place, Israel will give high
priority to the Jordanian historic role in these shrines.
3. The parties will act together to promote interfaith relations
among the three monotheistic religions, with the aim of working
towards religious understanding, moral commitment, freedom of
religious worship, and tolerance and peace.
Article 10 - Cultural and Scientific Exchanges
The parties, wishing to remove biases developed through periods of
conflict, recognize the desirability of cultural and scientific
exchanges, in all fields, and agree to establish normal cultural
relations between them. Thus, they shall, as soon as possible and
not later than nine months from the exchange of the instruments of
ratification of this treaty, conclude the negotiations on cultural
and scientific agreements.
Article 11 - Mutual Understanding and Good Neighborly
Relations
1. The parties will seek to foster mutual understanding and
tolerance based on shared historic values, and accordingly
undertake:
a. To abstain from hostile or discriminatory propaganda against
each other, and to take all possible legal and administrative
measures to prevent the dissemination of such propaganda by any
organization or individual present in the territory of either
party;
b. As soon as possible, and not later than three months from the
ratification, to repeal all adverse or discriminatory references
and expressions in their respective legislation;
c. To refrain in all government publications from any such
reference or expressions;
d. To ensure mutual enjoyment by each other's citizens of due
process of law within their respective legal systems and before
their courts;
2. Article l (a) is without prejudice to the right to freedom of
expression as contained in the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights.
3. A joint committee shall be formed to examine incidents where one
party claims there has been a violation of this article.
Article 12 - Combating Crime and Drugs
The parties will cooperate in combating crime, with an emphasis on
smuggling, and will take all necessary measures to combat and
prevent such activities as the production of, as well as the
trafficking in illicit drugs, and will bring to trial perpetrators
of such acts. In this regard they take note of the understanding
reached between them in the above spheres (as noted below) and
undertake to conclude all relevant agreements no later than nine
months from the date of the ratification.
Article 13 - Transportation and Roads
Taking note of the process already made in the area of
transportation, the parties recognize the mutuality of interests in
good neighborly relations in the area of transportation and agree
to the following means to promote relations between them in this
sphere.
a. Each party will permit the free movement of nationals and
vehicles of the other into and within its territory according to
the general rules applicable to nationals and vehicles of other
states. Neither party will impose discriminatory taxes or
restrictions on the free movements of persons and vehicles from its
territory to the territory of the other;
b. The parties will open and maintain roads and border crossings
between their countries and will consider further road and air
links between them;
c. The parties will continue their negotiations concerning mutual
transportation agreements in the above and other areas, such
as
joint projects, traffic safety, transport standards and norms,
licensing of vehicles, land passages, shipment of goods and cargo,
and meteorology, to be concluded not later than six months from the
ratification;
d. The parties agree to continue their negotiations for a highway
to be constructed and maintained between Egypt, Israel and Jordan
near Eilat.
Article 14 - Freedom of Navigation and Access to Ports
1. Without prejudice to the provisions of Paragraph 3, each party
recognizes the right of vessels of the other party to innocent
passage through its territorial waters in accordance with the rules
of international law.
2. Each party will grant normal access to its ports for vessels and
cargoes of the other, as well as vessels and cargoes destined for
or coming from the other party. Such access will be granted on the
same conditions as generally applicable to vessels and cargoes of
other nations.
3. The parties consider the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba
to be international waterways open to all nations for unimpeded and
non-¬suspendable freedom of navigation and overflight for
access to either party through the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of
Aqaba.
Article 15 - Civil Aviation
1. The parties recognize as applicable to each other the rights,
privileges, and obligations provided for by the multilateral
aviation agreements to which they are both party, particularly by
the 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation (The Chicago
Convention) and the 1944 International Air Services Transit
Agreement.
2. Any declaration of national emergency by a party under Article
89 of the Chicago Convention will not be applied to the other party
on a discriminatory base.
3. The parties take note of the negotiations on the international
air corridor to be opened between them in accordance with the
Washington Declaration. In addition, the parties shall, upon
ratification of the treaty, enter into negotiations for the purpose
of concluding a civil aviation agreement. All the above
negotiations are to be concluded not later than six months from the
ratification.
Article 16 - Posts and Communications
The parties take note of the opening between them, in accordance
with the Washington Declaration, of direct telephone and facsimile
lines. Postal links,
the negotiations on which having been concluded, will be activated
upon the signature of this treaty. The parties further agree that
normal wireless and cable communications and television relay
services by cable, radio and satellite, will be established between
them, in accordance with all relevant international conventions and
regulations. The negotiations on these subjects will be concluded
not later than nine months from the ratification.
Article 17 - Tourism
The parties affirm their mutual desire to promote cooperation
between them in the field of tourism. In order to accomplish this
goal, the parties - taking note of the understandings reached
between them concerning tourism ¬agree to negotiate, as soon
as possible, and to conclude not later than three months from the
ratification, an agreement to facilitate and encourage mutual
tourism and tourism from third countries.
Article 18 - Environment
The parties will cooperate in matters relating to environment, a
sphere to which they attach great importance, including
conservation of nature and prevention of pollution (as set forth
below). They will negotiate an agreement on the above, to be
concluded not later than three months from the ratification.
Article 19 - Energy
1. The parties will cooperate in the development of energy
resources, including the development of energy-related processes,
such as the utilization of solar energy.
2. The parties, having concluded their negotiations on the
interconnection of their electric grids in the Eilat-Aqaba area,
will implement the interconnection upon the signature of this
treaty. The parties view this step as a part of a wider binational
and regional concept. They agree to continue their negotiations as
soon as possible to widen the scope of their interconnected
grids.
3. The parties will conclude the relevant agreements in the field
of energy within six months from the ratification.
Article 20 - Rift Valley Development
The parties attach great importance to the integrated development
of the Jordan Rift Valley, including joint projects in the
economic, environmental, energy-related, and tourism fields. Taking
note of the terms of reference developed in the framework of the
trilateral Israel-Jordan-U.S. economic committee towards the Jordan
River Valley Development Master Plan, they will vigorously continue
their efforts towards the completion of planning and towards
implementation.
Article 21 - Health
The parties will cooperate in the area of health and shall
negotiate with a view to the conclusion of an agreement within nine
months of the ratification.
Article 22 - Agriculture
The parties will cooperate in the area of agriculture, including
veterinary services, plant protection, biotechnology and marketing,
and shall negotiate with a view to the conclusion of an agreement
within six months from the date of ratification.
Article 23 - Aqaba and Eilat
The parties agree to enter into negotiations, as soon as possible,
and no later than one month from the exhange of ratification of the
treaty, on arrangements that would enable the joint development of
the towns of Aqaba and Eilat with regard to such matters, inter
alia, as joint tourist development, joint customs, free trade zone,
cooperation in aviation prevention of pollution, maritime matters,
police, customs and health cooperation. The parties will conclude
all relevant agreements within nine months of the
ratification.
Article 24 - Claims
The parties agree to establish a claims commission for the mutual
settlement of financial claims. Article 25 - Rights and Obligations
1. This treaty does not affect and shall not be interpreted as
affecting, in any way, the rights and obligations of the parties
under the Charter of the United Nations.
2. The parties undertake to fulfill in good faith their obligations
under this treaty, without regard to action or inaction of any
other party and independently of any instrument inconsistent with
this treaty. For the
purpose of this paragraph, each party presents to the other its
opinion and interpretation and there is no inconsistency between
their existing treaty obligations and this treaty.
3. They further undertake all of the necessary measures for the
application in their relations of the provisions of the
multilateral conventions to which they are parties, including the
submission of appropriate notifications to the secretary-general of
the United Nations and other depositories of such
conventions.
4. Both parties will also take all the necessary steps to abolish
all pejorative references to the other party, in multilateral
conventions to which they are parties, to the extent that such
references exist.
5. The parties undertake not to enter into any obligation in
conflict with this treaty.
6. Subject to Article 103 of the United Nations Charter, in the
event of a conflict between the obligations of the parties under
the present treaty and any of their other obligations, the
obligations under this treaty will be binding and
implemented.
Article 26 - Legislation
Within three months of the ratification, the parties undertake to
enact any legislation necessary in order to implement the treaty,
and to terminate any international commitments, and to repeal any
legislation that is inconsistent with the treaty. Article 27 - Ratification
1. This treaty shall be ratified by both parties in conformity with
their respective national procedures. It shall enter into force
with the ratification.
2. The Annexes, Appendixes, Maps and Attachments to this treaty
shall be considered integral parts thereof. Article 28 - Interim Measures
The parties will apply in certain spheres to be agreed upon,
interim measures to be applied pending the conclusion of the
relevant agreements in accordance with this treaty, as stipulated
(below).
Article 29 - Settlement of Disputes
1. Disputes arising out of the application or the interpretation of
this treaty shall be resolved by negotiations.
2. Any such disputes which cannot be settled by negotiations shall
be resolved by conciliation or submitted to arbitration.
Article 30 - Registration
This treaty shall be submitted to the secretary-general of the
United Nations for registration in accordance with the provisions
of Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
The Annexes, Appendices, Maps and Attachments which are part of the
Treaty are not included here.